{"id":48205,"date":"2024-07-30T11:25:30","date_gmt":"2024-07-30T11:25:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.icip.cat\/violence-in-non-war-settings\/construccion-de-paz-en-america-central\/"},"modified":"2024-07-31T10:17:07","modified_gmt":"2024-07-31T10:17:07","slug":"peacebuilding-in-central-america","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.icip.cat\/en\/violence-in-non-war-settings\/peacebuilding-in-central-america\/","title":{"rendered":"Peacebuilding in Central America"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"48205\" class=\"elementor elementor-48205 elementor-47355\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-098a35f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"098a35f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4566a4\" data-id=\"d4566a4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea96a86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea96a86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Peacebuilding in Central America<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-56adc83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"56adc83\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-98f50b6\" data-id=\"98f50b6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0cdc5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d0cdc5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-8c402a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8c402a6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e778450\" data-id=\"e778450\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15b0fb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15b0fb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Central America is a region that, after the peace agreements and democratization processes of the 1990s, has not experienced an armed conflict recognized as such. However, cities and territories in<strong> El Salvador<\/strong>, <strong>Honduras<\/strong> or <strong>Guatemala<\/strong> have for many years topped the global rankings of homicides and violence.<\/p><p>To the security, crises are now added setbacks in democratic governance &#8211; with precise authoritarian drifts in <strong>Nicaragua<\/strong> or El Salvador -social polarization, growing repression and tendency towards punitiveness, the multiplication of attacks against human rights, the expansion of organized crime and corruption that has never entirely disappeared.<\/p><p>Faced with these crises, it is necessary and urgent to develop a complete diagnosis, increase the visibility of the different problems the region is experiencing, and implement peacebuilding strategies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c79cc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c79cc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"colombia\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Catalan Table for Human Rights and Peace in Central America<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cb4f7 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48cb4f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc51ce9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc51ce9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>At the end of 2023, various Catalan civil society entities with a long history of solidarity with this region launched the creation of the Taula Catalana pels Drets Humans i la Pau a l\u2019Am\u00e8rica Central (Catalan Table for Human Rights and Peace in Central America).<\/p><p>This new initiative, which accompanies and supports the ICIP, focuses its work on El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua.<\/p><p>Among the objectives set by the new Table, the following stand out:<\/p><ul><li><p>Make public opinion in Catalonia known and denounce the violation of human rights in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Articulate and weave human rights and peace proposals in collaboration with our allied Central American organizations.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Make political advocacy at the local, national and regional levels for a more significant commitment in favour of peace and human rights.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17a606d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"17a606d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Analysis and reflection activities<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed35c6e elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ed35c6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4351bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-icip-relatedlisting\" data-id=\"f4351bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icip-relatedlisting.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"block-related-listing\"  data-view-type=\"list\"><div class=\"list\"><article class=\"entry\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icip.cat\/en\/event\/conference-human-rights-and-peace-in-central-america-challenges-and-opportunities\/\" class=\"link icip_event\"><div class=\"icon\"><svg height='100px' width='100px'  fill=\"#000000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" data-name=\"Layer 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\"><title>50<\/title><path 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class=\"details\"><h2 class=\"title\">Conference \u201cHuman Rights and Peace in Central America: Challenges and Opportunities&#8221;<\/h2><\/div><\/a><\/article><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37d4dc2 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"37d4dc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/watch?v=BrGiHK-N6ls&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bea3240 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bea3240\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75d1fd6 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"75d1fd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icip.cat\/en\/violence-in-non-war-settings\/complementary-activities-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Complementary Activities<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ce8567 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ce8567\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-78b8592\" data-id=\"78b8592\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e41193 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5e41193\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d040213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d040213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Exhibition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b532b70 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b532b70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1bdad6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1bdad6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3dc799f\" data-id=\"3dc799f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6887f72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6887f72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icip.cat\/en\/exposition\/violence-in-central-america\/\">&#8220;Face to face with violence. Stories of Resilience in Central America&#8221;<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d25888 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d25888\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Through photography and interviews, the exhibition explores the many faces of violence that affect daily life in three Central American countries, known as the Northern Triangle: <strong>El Salvador<\/strong>, <strong>Guatemala<\/strong>, and <strong>Honduras<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Extortions, rapes, kidnappings, murders and disappearances, but also situations of poverty and social exclusion, are part of the daily life of a large part of the population, especially the most vulnerable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ed0c36c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ed0c36c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53e6fec\" data-id=\"53e6fec\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f65834 elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"6f65834\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icip.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/expo4.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"6f65834\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"expo4\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjI3NTMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC93d3cuaWNpcC5jYXRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjFcLzEwXC9leHBvNC5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiI2ZjY1ODM0In0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.icip.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/expo4-300x200.jpg\" data-width=\"300\" data-height=\"200\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icip.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/expo3.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"6f65834\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"expo3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjI3NDksInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC93d3cuaWNpcC5jYXRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjFcLzEwXC9leHBvMy5wbmciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiI2ZjY1ODM0In0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.icip.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/expo3-300x200.png\" data-width=\"300\" data-height=\"200\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icip.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Joves_01-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"6f65834\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Joves_01\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjI3OTcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC93d3cuaWNpcC5jYXRcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjFcLzEwXC9Kb3Zlc18wMS1zY2FsZWQuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiNmY2NTgzNCJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/www.icip.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Joves_01-300x200.jpg\" data-width=\"300\" data-height=\"200\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-223b174 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"223b174\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9833951\" data-id=\"9833951\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Peacebuilding in Central America Central America is a region that, after the peace agreements and democratization processes of the 1990s, has not experienced an armed conflict recognized as such. However, cities and territories in El Salvador, Honduras or Guatemala have for many years topped the global rankings of homicides and violence. To the security, crises [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":48184,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-48205","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Peacebuilding in Central America - ICIP<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icip.cat\/en\/violence-in-non-war-settings\/peacebuilding-in-central-america\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Peacebuilding in Central America - ICIP\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Peacebuilding in Central America Central America is a region that, after the peace agreements and democratization processes of the 1990s, has not experienced an armed conflict recognized as such. However, cities and territories in El Salvador, Honduras or Guatemala have for many years topped the global rankings of homicides and violence. 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