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The Catalan Forum for Peace was publicly presented on Wednesday 14 February as part of the Second Conference on Peace held at the Parliament of Catalonia. This new forum is a participatory process of reflection and debate that was launched with a double objective: to create a public peace process in Catalonia and to reinforce the agendas and social and political advocacy capabilities of Catalan peace organizations.

The Catalan Forum for Peace is an initiative promoted by the Government of Catalonia, the Catalan Council for the Promotion of Peace, ICIP and the associative network dedicated to the promotion of peace. Thus, it is the result of social and institutional collaboration and will be carried out throughout 2024 and 2025. The Forum will consist of a process of citizen participation based on five debate themes: Culture of Peace; Security and Justice; Armed Conflicts; Global Challenges; and Women, Peace and Security.

The website www.forumcatalapau.cat was launched in conjunction with the public presentation to encourage the participation of citizens, organizations and institutions committed to the values of the culture of peace and social justice.

“For a public peace policy”

The public presentation of the Catalan Forum for Peace took place during the celebration of the Parliament of Catalonia’s Second Conference on Peace, co-organized by the Catalan chamber, ICIP and Lafede.cat. Under the title “For a public peace policy,” the conference brought together representatives of numerous peace organizations and experts in the field of research and work for peace, as well as representatives of the Government and several city councils and institutions.

At the opening of the conference, the vice president of the Catalan Council for the Promotion of Peace and director of ICIP, Kristian Herbolzheimer, called on all Catalan institutions and organizations committed to the values of the culture of peace and social justice to join the Catalan Forum for Peace: “This is the time to start reflecting on how we can contribute to peace in the world from Catalonia. It is time for all the people, groups and institutions that share the values of the culture of peace and share the commitment to a more just and caring world to meet and explain ourselves.”

For her part, the president of Lafede.cat, Arés Perceval, stressed that the Catalan Forum for Peace should enable “the design of a public peace policy endorsed by all parliamentary groups, which is a pending issue.” She added that the process should also “serve to strengthen the movement for peace and nonviolence that we lead from civil society.”

Both the director of ICIP and the president of Lafede.cat expressed their solidarity with the three Catalan activists who are on a hunger strike for Palestine, including Gabriela Serra, president of the Catalan Council for the Promotion of Peace, who was unable to participate in the event.

The conference was inaugurated by the president of the Parliament of Catalonia, Anna Erra, who highlighted the tradition of promoting peace in Catalonia, a “country of peace,” which “has not hesitated to embrace the values of democracy and fundamental freedoms.” In her speech, Erra predicted that the Catalan Forum for Peace will help strengthen the culture of peace, “make us a useful tool for the international community,” and “define some answers based on the country’s collective intelligence.”

The conference included two roundtables: the first one focused on the challenges and opportunities for peace in the context of global threats, and the second one was dedicated to the five debate themes that will guide the Catalan Forum for Peace when the participatory process begins in April. Participants included Carme Colomina, researcher at CIDOB; Luca Gervasoni, director of NOVACT; Maria Josep Parés, consultant; Jesús Vinyes, president of the School Council of Catalonia; Nora Miralles, president of the Delàs Center; Albert Caramés, director of FundiPau; Jordi Armadans, journalist and political scientist; and Blanca Camps, researcher at the Autonomous University of Barcelona..

The ICIP has announced the call for nominations for the ICIP Peace in Progress Award 2024, which aims to publicly recognize individuals, entities or institutions that, outstandingly and extensively, have worked and contributed to promoting and building peace.

It is the thirteenth edition of the Award, corresponding to 2024, and the call will be open until April 11, 2024. The applications can be registered electronically, through this site (in Spanish), or they can be registered in person at any administrative register of the Spanish state and an embassy or consulate outside Spain.

The ICIP Peace in Progress Award consists of public recognition, a sculpture created by the Nobel Peace Prize winner, artist and activist Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, called Porta del Sol, and 6,000 euros. The award ceremony occurs annually in an institutional ceremony at the Parliament of Catalonia.

Any natural or legal person can submit nominations to the ICIP Peace in Progress Award, but self-nominated candidates will not be accepted.

If you submit from abroad, please check with the ICIP (convocatories@icip.cat) before registration deadlines. Nomination of candidates by e-mail will not be accepted.

Previous granted

In previous editions, the Award was granted to two associations from Bosnia and Herzegovina: Women Victims of War and Forgotten Children of War (2023); the Basque Country’s associative network in favour of peace (2022), the activist from Congo, Julienne Lusenge (2020), the Coalition of Families of the Disappeared in Algeria (2019), the Mexican organization Cauce Ciudadano (2018), the activist Arcadi Oliveres (2017), Peace Brigades International (2016), the Capuchin friar Joan Botam (2015), WILPF (2014), the ex-general Jovan Divjak (2013), Madres de Soacha (2012), and the struggle of conscientious objectors (people who refuse to do military service or any substitute social work) represented by Pepe Beúnza (2011).

In the same year, 2011, in a special edition of the Award, the Parliament of Catalonia was honoured for representing the continuity and legacy of the institutions “Pau i Treva” and “Consolat de Mar.”

From November 27 to 29, ICIP gathered in Barcelona more than twenty women from all over the world involved in the fight against enforced disappearances. Most of them are victims or direct relatives of missing people. The meeting aimed to create a space for the exchange of experiences and knowledge between the participating women and to put the needs and demands of the victims at the centre of the topic. The observations and recommendations of the women that have emerged from the meeting will be considered for the World Congress on Enforced Disappearances, which is expected to be held next year.

“Enforced disappearances constitute a cluster of serious violations of human rights with an enormous impact, not only on the people directly affected but also on the community and social sphere. The impact is even replicated from generation to generation”, explains Sabina Puig, ICIP officer and one of the meeting organisers.

“Although the obligation to prevent them and to offer truth, justice and reparation relies on the States, many times the families of the missing persons themselves undertake the task of searching for them and demanding measures for the protection of the human rights, as well as guarantees of non-repetition. And this, despite the multiple obstacles and risks it poses in many contexts”, she adds.

Women from a dozen countries

The meeting was attended by women from Algeria, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, El Salvador, the Philippines, Honduras, Lebanon, Mexico, the Western Sahara and Syria, among others. There were also women from the Basque Country and Catalonia. What they all had in common was having lived through how a close family member had been forcibly disappeared and their struggle to find the relatives. The women participated in workshops and training sessions for three days with informal talks and care and self-care activities.

“The meeting has been beneficial to reflect on the relationship between peacebuilding and the search for missing persons and to value the contributions of these groups of searchers at the same time that, based on the exchange of strategies and knowledge, transfer knowledge and offer tools that can strengthen their work”, comments Sílvia Plana, another of the ICIP officers in charge of this event.

After the gathering, several participants stressed the need for more reunions like this. “These international meetings also serve as protection for us. It is necessary to place families at the centre of the decision-making processes and to give visibility to all the violence that is exercised when an enforced disappearance is committed: both towards the disappeared person and their relatives”, expressed a Latin American participant. Also, the mother of a missing young man emphasized the importance of initiatives like this to weave ties and generate networks of solidarity between women seekers.

ICIP will soon publish a study on the role of women in the fight against enforced disappearances and the links of their work with peacebuilding. This publication will collect some of the contributions made during the face-to-face meeting organized in Barcelona.

From 18-20 September, an ICIP delegation travelled to Mexico to participate in the second meeting of the Platform for Peacebuilding in Mexico, of which the institution has been a member since its inception. This platform began to take shape in 2019 after the First International Forum on Peacebuilding in Mexico, held in Barcelona and organized by ICIP, Serapaz and Taula per Mèxic. After three years of regularly working online, the Platform met in person for the first time in Chiapas in October 2022.

This second meeting took place at Casa Xitla in the southern part of Mexico City. It brought together some forty people from economic, cultural and journalistic backgrounds, as well as representatives of the organizations that make up the Platform.

Drawing on the contributions of international experts such as Jenny Pearce, Guillermo Trejo and Alberto Solís, participants in the meeting delved into the diagnosis of violence in Mexico, a country strongly affected by the presence of organized crime and its collusion with public institutions. In the last 15 years, 450,000 people have been murdered, and more than 111,000 have disappeared. In addition, thousands of people have been forcibly displaced, and levels of social exclusion are alarmingly high.

In the face of statistics more typical of a country at war than of a peaceful democracy, the Platform provides a space for analysis, the exchange of information and reflection from which proposals for peacebuilding emanate. At the same time, the Platform also intends to be a sounding board for the concerns and demands of its member organizations, as well as those of the groups, movements and communities that these member organizations support in different parts of Mexico, especially in Chiapas and Oaxaca.

This second meeting of the Platform also provided an opportunity to define its internal organization and to identify strategies and methodologies for future actions.

In addition to the internal work sessions, the Platform convened a “Discussion group of citizen peacebuilding initiatives.”  This event took place at the Centro Universitario Cultural on Monday, 18 September, and featured other proposals and projects related to peace in the country.

According to ICIP director Kristian Herbolzheimer, who attended the meeting: “Exciting initiatives are emerging in Mexico that seek to address the many forms of violence that occur in the country, which makes Mexico a real laboratory for peace. ICIP not only sees this as a valuable learning experience but also reaffirms its commitment to peace and its willingness to accompany and collaborate with local actors.”

National Dialogue for Peace in Puebla

One of these initiatives to comprehensively address the issue of violence and insecurity in Mexico is the National Dialogue for Peace, a meeting held at the Ibero-American University of Puebla from 21-23 September.

An ICIP delegation, accompanied by members of the Platform for Peacebuilding in Mexico, attended the event. This meeting was convened by the Conference of the Mexican Episcopate, the Conference of Major Superiors of Mexico, the Episcopal Lay Dimension and the Mexican Province of the Society of Jesus to generate a space for plural and inclusive dialogue on security and peacebuilding in the North American country.

More than two thousand people from all over the country attended the event, many of whom had already participated in various forums held during the last year and a half. This initiative arose following the murder of two Jesuit priests in the Tarahumara Mountains of Chihuahua in June 2022. Since then, the Church in Mexico has organized days of prayer, discussion groups, forums on justice and peace and other initiatives that have brought together 18,000 participants in the country’s 32 states. All these efforts led to the Puebla meeting, which featured representatives from every social sector.

After three days of work, a National Agenda for Peace and a National Network for Peace were presented. The former is a document of over 30 pages that features various work proposals, and the latter is a network that aims to coordinate local initiatives – or people – that wish to undertake some peacebuilding process in their territories.

In addition, as a result of the meeting, 14 actions to eradicate violence in the country were presented. They were read by Father Jorge Atilano González Candia, a social worker with the Company of Jesus in Mexico and one of the main organizers of the meeting. The list includes, for example, actions to strengthen the procedures of restorative justice and to dignify and recover municipal and community police forces. The final document of the meeting and the 14 points are available here.

The Norwegian Nobel Committee has awarded the 2023 Nobel Peace Prize to Iranian activist, journalist and writer Narges Mohammadi for her struggle against the oppression of women in Iran and in favor of human rights and freedom.

The award is also a recognition of the work of the peaceful “Woman, Life, Freedom” movement sparked by the death in 2022 of a young woman, Mahsa Amini, while in police custody. This movement has spread throughout Iran and internationally to demand women’s rights and freedom of expression.

ICIP director Kristian Herbolzheimer considers the award “very timely and well-deserved” because it “places activism at the center, a necessary condition for overthrowing authoritarian regimes.” And he praises the double facet of this year’s Nobel Prize: personal recognition of a grassroots activist who has been fighting since the 1990s, and recognition of the protest movement of all the women and men who are fighting for equality in Iran and around the world. “The awarding of this prize offers moral, political and institutional support for all the people who fight for change.  A fundamental recognition for persevering in the face of very complicated situations, which allows them to continue their struggle.” At the same time, the director of ICIP believes that the award can breathe new oxygen into the “Women, Life, Freedom” protest movement.

For the third consecutive year, the Nobel Peace Prize has gone to activists who are in prison. Narges Mohammadi has been arrested thirteen times and is currently incarcerated after having been sentenced to 31 years in prison for her activism.

With this award, the Nobel Committee has sent a clear message that human rights and democracy are necessary conditions for peace.

On Thursday, 21 September, coinciding with the commemoration of the International Day of Peace, ICIP presented the ICIP Peace in Progress Award 2023 to the associations “Women Victims of the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina” and “Forgotten Children of War” in a ceremony held at the Palace of the Parliament of Catalonia.

The award-winning associations work on the documentation of rapes during the Balkan War and the legal and social recognition of children born in situations of sexual violence. The award recognises their work “denouncing rape as a weapon of war, fighting against impunity, and empowering and drawing attention to victims of sexual violence.”

The ceremony was presided over by the president of Parliament, Anna Erra, and ICIP president Xavier Masllorens. In his speech, the president of ICIP stated that the award “honours all those people and entities that work against the tide, highlighting the dignity of the victims and building bridges where mental walls abound.” He also pointed out that sexual aggressions are “crimes against humanity” and a “reminder of the brutality of war,” and he emphasised the need to work within the paradigm of the culture of peace for a “world without misery, more just and egalitarian.”

The event began with the performance of an excerpt of the play Encara hi ha algú al bosc (There is still someone in the forest), inspired by the experiences of survivors of the Bosnian War and created by the Cultura i Conflicte collective, the organisation that nominated the winning ICIP Award candidacy.

The journalist and member of Cultura i Conflicte, Teresa Turiera-Puigbò, read an overview of the award-winning organisations and defined the people receiving the award as “survivors of war and victims of peace” because, for thirty years, they have had to suffer “not only the physical and psychological consequences of the aggressions they endured but also the lack of recognition as victims by institutions and the silence and stigma of the society in which they live.” In her speech, Turiera highlighted the “discreet and silent” work of the award-winning associations and noted that sexual violence is a crime that “is still prevalent in most present-day conflicts.”

Meliha Merdzic and Amela Medjuseljac received the award for the “Women Victims of the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina” association. In their acceptance speech, they pointed out that “rape survivors still suffer society’s stigma”. They added that many war criminals have been tried and sentenced due to the testimonies the organisation has gathered since its establishment in 2003. Ajna Jusic and Alen Muhic, both born of rape, were also present at the ceremony on behalf of the “Forgotten Children of War” association. Upon receiving the award, Jusic noted that the children born of war live in a context of “social injustice” since “their fundamental rights for a dignified life have been revoked” and denounced the inactivity of the international community and the failure of Bosnia and Herzegovina to comply with the requirements for peace.

The president of the Parliament, Anna Erra, closed the ICIP Peace in Progress Award ceremony. In her speech, she highlighted the work for peace carried out by award-winning organisations and praised the work of ICIP in the promotion of peace both at home and abroad.

The ICIP Award, a twelve-year history

The ICIP Peace in Progress Award, established in 2011, aims to publicly recognise individuals, organisations or institutions that have worked for and contributed to promoting and building peace prominently and extensively.

The award consists of public recognition, the sculpture Porta del Sol, created by Nobel Prize winner, artist and activist Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, and an economic endowment of 6,000 euros. Throughout its twelve-year history, the ICIP Award has honoured individuals and organisations from Catalonia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Colombia, Mexico, Algeria and Bosnia for their struggle in favour of reconciliation, truth, justice and equality, with a focus on women’s empowerment and the gender perspective.

Photo gallery of the ICIP Peace in Progress Award 2023 ceremony (Source: Parliament of Catalonia)

Video of the ICIP Peace in Progress Award 2023 ceremony (Canal Parlament)

On August 1st 2023, the report Wagner Group Unchained in Ukraine: Military, Political, and human rights impact of the Wagner Group since the large-scale invasion in 2022. The Novact Institute for Nonviolence has made the report in collaboration with Shock Monitor, the Observatory of Business and Human Rights in the Mediterranean, and the organization Suds. It has the financial support of ICIP thanks to one of the grants to entities and research work on the culture of peace that the institution convenes annually. The result has been presented in the framework of the United Nations Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries.

The investigation on the Wagner Group has been conducted by a research team coordinated by Felip Daza Sierra, along with Carlos Díaz Bodoque, with the assistance of Anhelina Hrytsei and Mathilde Machteld Romeo.

The report will be made public in September and analyzes the impact of the Wagner Group in Ukraine. The research includes testimonies from 40 experts, academic and human rights institutions, and Civil Society Organizations. Interviews have also been conducted with military personnel involved in the operations on the Ukrainian side.

The presence of the Wagner Group has dramatically increased the conflict severity in Ukraine, exacerbating deadliness, escalating confrontation, and causing fragmentation of non-state armed actors. Particularly noteworthy is the alleged implication of the Wagner Group in war crimes such as the killing of local authorities and the beheading of prisoners of war. Ongoing legal investigations by the Ukrainian Prosecution Office indicate the use of inmates as “forced human shields,” especially in the battles of Donbas. It is also highlighted that the Wagner Group designs combat operations and uses heavy weapons, artillery, and reconnaissance technology.

The group engages in predatory recruitment practices, such as incorporating inmates and marginalized youth from Russia and using foreign combatants from Syria, Serbia, and Afghanistan, among others.

According to the report, the Wagner Group plays an increasingly significant political role, combining social conservatism, patriotic claims, and cult criminal activity. The rise of their actions is also identified in the general apathy of the Russian population towards the war and a lack of understanding of the military goals, among other factors. In response, the Wagner Group has developed a business and media empire that sustains the group’s illicit activities and abusive hiring practices. Wagner is supported by far-right groups (RIM, TFRusich) and the new media elite composed of military bloggers and influencers.

The report also highlights how the Wagner Group provides critical political dividends for Putin, such as symbolic military victories, increased support for the invasion activities in Ukraine, and the ability to maintain military confrontation considering the general public apathy towards the war inside Russia. However, the possible disappearance of the Wagner Group will not prevent the use of other proxies in the war in Ukraine and the proliferation of the Russian Private Military Security Companies (PMSC) industry.

Therefore, the report makes a set of fundamental recommendations as a central message to the United Nations Working Group.

For International Organisms and National Governments:

• To strengthen national regulatory frameworks to control PMSCs, including robust licensing, supervision, and redress mechanisms.
• To create a comprehensive international legally binding instrument to regulate PMSC activity, with adequate standards to prevent human rights violations, protection of victims, and ensure effective remedies.
• To designate the Wagner Group as a terrorist organization and an armed group financed by the Russian Federation.
• To advance international criminal prosecution, including Universal jurisdiction principles.

For Civil Society Organizations:

• Enhance monitoring and reporting mechanisms on PMSC activity and its intersectional impact on human rights, with particular attention to violations of women’s rights.
• Raise awareness among the general public and communities affected by conflicts to distinguish private contractors from regular forces and understand the political and social impact of the privatization of war.
• Undertake advocacy actions to promote international and national regulations for controlling PMSCs.

After the presentation at the United Nations headquarters, the report is scheduled to be made public in September. In the same month, the work will be presented in Barcelona.

After more than three years acting as Technical Secretariat of the Truth Commission of Colombia in Europe, ICIP has published a document that compiles the details of this unique experience. The document, which has the support of the Catalan Agency for Development Cooperation, aims to serve as a model for other countries in conflict that are facing similar processes and are committed to working with the exile community.

Exile and the Colombian Truth Commission. An unprecedented collaboration experience explains how the participation of the exile community in several European countries was coordinated through the interview participants, the nodes and the internodal groups. It also describes the key elements of the process such as active listening, a psychosocial approach, recognition and the role of art as a healing and transformative element, among others.

The publication aims to compile the legacy of the Commission and the lessons learned from the process; recognize the work of the people, organizations and institutions involved in this experience; contribute to the recognition of “the Colombia outside of Colombia”; and provide the international community with a tool to design future participation processes of exiled, refugee and migrant populations in processes of peace, memory and reconciliation. In consonance with the spirit of the Colombian peace agreement, the central focus of this work was the prominent role of the victims, a key element in this peacebuilding process.

The methodology used to elaborate the document combined a meeting for analysis and reflection held in Barcelona, virtual focus groups with participants in several European countries, personal interviews, and the compilation of documentation.

The Truth Commission, an unprecedented experience

The Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Coexistence and Non-Repetition of Colombia began its mandate in November 2018 with the aim of clarifying the patterns and causes of human rights violations during the Colombian armed conflict, promoting the recognition of victims and contributing to coexistence. The Commission’s work culminated in 2022, with the presentation of its Final Report and socialization among the actors involved in the process.

One of the many innovations of this Commission, in comparison with the dozens of commissions that have previously been created in other countries, was the commitment to work with the exile community – around one million people who had to leave the country as a result of the armed conflict. This unprecedented mandate in the context of transitional justice entailed the need to coordinate an infrastructure in support of the Commission abroad.

Between 2019 and 2022, ICIP acted as the Commission’s Technical Secretariat in Europe. During this period, ICIP provided technical and financial resources, and coordinated the three elements of participation abroad: the interviewers, the meeting and coordinating spaces – known as nodes – and the thematic working groups, called internodal groups.

The entire work process carried out by ICIP as Technical Secretariat of the Truth Commission in Europe is available on this webpage.

The ICIP’s Governing Board has decided to confer the ICIP Peace in Progress Award 2023 to the candidacy that includes two associations from Bosnia and Herzegovina: Women Victims of War and Forgotten Children of War “for their work denouncing rape as a weapon of war, fighting against impunity, and empowering and drawing attention to victims of sexual violence.”

The award-winning associations work on the documentation of rapes during the Balkan War and the legal and social recognition of children born in situations of sexual violence.  It is estimated that between 25,000 and 50,000 women and girls were victims of rape as a strategy of ethnic cleansing during the Bosnian War, and 4,000 infants were born due to the assaults. Beyond Bosnia, the awarded entities are also in contact with survivors of other conflicts, such as Ukraine, to accompany them in denunciation and recognition as victims of war.

The winning candidacy was presented by Cultura i Conflicte. This Catalan organization has reflected the work of the two Bosnian associations in the multidisciplinary project Encara hi ha algú al bosc (There is still someone in the forest), which includes a documentary, an exhibition and a play.

Women Victims of War

The Association of Women Victims of War (Udruženje Žena žrtva rata) was founded in 2003 with the aim of bringing together victims of rape during the Bosnian War (1992-1995).  Since then, the organization has been working to document cases of rape (including sexual assaults on men), provide testimonies, help survivors defend their rights as victims of the war, and fight against the impunity that many of the perpetrators still enjoy.

Thousands of women and girls were victims of rape during the Bosnian War, although there is no official figure since many of them did not survive the attacks, and others did so in silence.

From the rape survivors’ testimonies, the association has gathered information to bring the perpetrators before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague and before local courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina.  The association has collected testimonies from 5,495 female and 300 male survivors.

The organization’s work has made it possible to empower and accompany the war victims, provide psychological and social support, and fight against impunity in a difficult context since rape as a weapon of war is still taboo in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Forgotten Children of War

The Forgotten Children of War Association (Udruženje Zaboravljena djeca rata) was founded in 2015 by boys and girls born of rape during the Bosnian War and by human rights activists.  It is estimated that at least 4,000 children were born of war in Bosnia, although only 62 are officially recognized, and they are now adults.

The association also assists the children of forced marriages during the war, prostitution rings organized by international forces, and relationships between military and humanitarian personnel who abandoned women and children after the conflict.

The association works at an international level for the legal and social recognition of children born of war rapes and to establish protocols to protect children, end the stigma they suffer and help mothers recognise their children.  As a result of their work, legal changes have been made in Bosnian local administrations so that children born of war rapes are recognized and compensated as victims.

ICIP Peace in Progress Award

Since 2011, ICIP has called the Peace in Progress Award annually to award and publicly recognise people, entities or institutions that have worked and contributed in a unique and extended way to promote and construct peace.

The award includes public recognition, a sculpture created by the Nobel Peace Prize winner, artist and activist Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Porta del Sol, and a financial endowment of 6,000 euros.

The awarding occurs annually in an institutional ceremony at the Parliament of Catalonia, coinciding with September 21, International Day of Peace.

The culture of punishment and punitivism normalize violence and limit the options to build a peaceful society. Many punitive measures, such as prisons, video surveillance or police forces, are immovable and, in some cases, are increasing. What supports that paradigm? Are there more humane, just and effective alternatives to address violence? How are the trinomial security, justice and peace interrelated?

The new monograph of Peace in Progress magazine, “The culture of punishment: a critical approach” (number 41), reflects on these issues through eight central articles and an interview.

Sandra Martínez Domingo, the coordinator of the monograph and head of the “Alternatives of security” area of the ICIP, offers us an initial reflection on the interrelationship between the concepts of peace, security and justice and exposes the critical elements of the dichotomy punitivism-antipunitivism.

Next, the political scientist and criminologist Albert Sales Campos exposes the failure of punitive policies (massification of prisons, instrumentalization of victims, discourse of fear) and claims, as an alternative, to invest in social policies and violence prevention.

Criminologist Paz Francés Lecumberri also focuses on the discourse of fear and the media and political parties’ role in creating myths that promote punitiveness.

The philosopher Clara Serra delves into the feminist perspective and the challenges that feminism has in the management of violence.

The conflictologist Noe Ayguasenosa Soro advocates placing the ethics of care at the centre of community relations and the public model of managing insecurities and injustices.

On the effectiveness of restorative and transformative justice, as opposed to the failures of retributive justice, we have the analysis of Teiahsha Bankhead and Rachel V. Brown, leaders of organizations that promote successful restorative practices in schools, communities and the juvenile justice system.

Finally, lawyers Claudia Cesaroni and Paola Zavala Saeb reflect on prisons as the ultimate expression of punitiveness and the central axis of criminal control mechanisms worldwide. They do it based on the cases of two homicides with very unequal consequences in Argentina and the failure of punitive measures in Mexico, a country with high levels of violence and impunity.

The monograph closes with an interview with Howard Zehr, a referent of the modern concept of restorative justice, about the opportunities offered by restorative practices, which place emphasis on who has received the damage, not on who is responsible.

Polarization, in so far as the existence of opposing positions regarding debate topics, is not harmful to society.

Beyond the confrontation of ideas typical of a democratic system, there is a phenomenon on the rise in many established democracies that is pernicious in many ways. It is toxic polarization, a dynamic in which different positions are belittled and delegitimized: “others” are seen as “enemies”, and there is no place for dialogue, debate and confrontation of constructive ideas.

Dealing with toxic polarization is a challenge as a society because it affects coexistence, cohesion and democratic culture. Toxic polarization impairs political and social debates, generates political disaffection and can lead to violence.

The animated audiovisual “Risks of toxic polarization: how to deal with it”, made by the ICIP and Intuitivo Films, warns about this harmful dynamic and exposes some tools we have at our disposal to avoid it.

Symptoms of toxic polarization

Categorical, simplistic and nuanced approaches – reducing debates to black or white – indicate toxic polarization. But so are the use of belligerent language – calling people who think differently “enemies” or “traitors”, for example – the appeal to feelings rather than arguments, the absence of self-criticism and exclusionary thinking – be with me or against me.

Tools to deal with it

Dialogue is the main tool to prevent or redirect conflicts: political dialogue at an institutional level and social dialogue in all spheres of society.

Based on this premise, increasing the ability to listen and dialogue with people who think differently is key to reducing toxic polarization. So is the ability to self-criticize and to identify and neutralize toxic polarizing actors – through, for example, isolation or silence.

The audiovisual production is part of the ICIP’s work area, “Social and political dialogue“, which aims to offer tools for analysing, managing and transforming conflicts.

The assessment of coexistence in Catalonia as a whole, and at a municipality/neighborhood level, continues to score over 6 out of 10. But the perception that there are quite a few or many problems in the immediate environment, especially related to antisocial behavior, has increased considerably. These are the findings of the ICIP 2022 “Coexistence and cohesion in Catalonia” Survey, which also reflects a society that is committed to human rights and dialogue, that rejects the use of violence to defend the country or ideas, and that regards multiculturalism favorably.

In the context of the war in Ukraine, the survey – conducted in October 2022 – also indicates that Catalan society is open to the resettlement of refugees and critical of increasing military spending.

This is the fourth survey published by ICIP on perceptions and attitudes regarding coexistence in Catalonia and the third to include a focus on ideological and emotional polarization. This means that the current survey includes comparative data from the last four years. In this sense, the ICIP 2022 Survey has found that political conflict in Catalonia continues to be the issue that most polarizes citizens, followed by language, which moves up from fifth to second place.

“The survey is directly related to two major issues currently on the political agenda: on the one hand, despite the reduction of tension regarding the pro-independence debate, polarization remains. On the other hand, citizens have a different perception of security than NATO and the Spanish government, since they consider increased military spending as a major security risk,” says ICIP director Kristian Herbolzheimer.

Coexistence and social trust

Citizens rated the perception of coexistence in Catalonia with a score of 6.3 out of 10 and 6.6 at the municipality/neighborhood level. This score remains stable compared to the ICIP 2021 Survey, with a variation of one tenth, and slightly lower than the 2020 and 2018 surveys, when it was around or even over 7 out of 10.

Antisocial behavior is perceived, by far, as the main problem of coexistence at the local level. Up to 74% of the people surveyed reported many or quite a few problems of antisocial behavior at the municipality/neighborhood level, a rate that has increased considerably compared to four years ago, when it was 46%.  Compared to antisocial behavior, the poor integration of migrants (47%), crime (45%) and a lack of public safety (44%) scored far lower. The perception that there are many or quite a few problems of coexistence is higher in large cities of over 100,000 people.

As for trust indicators, the survey shows that citizens tend to trust other people, with an average score of 5.2 out of 10. While this is above the European average, the percentage of people who are very distrustful of others has increased to 21.5%, double the rate of 2020.

Cohesion

On this occasion, the ICIP Survey has focused on the degree of cohesion of Catalan society based on different indicators: an assessment of immigration, acceptance of different groups at risk of vulnerability and respect for human rights.

In relation to immigration, a majority (64%) considers that living with people from different backgrounds enriches society. However, 24% somewhat or strongly believe that Catalonia has become a worse place to live because of immigration, 28% believe that it is better for the country if everyone shares culture and traditions, and a third of the people surveyed perceive that their culture or way of life is under threat.

In terms of acceptance of different groups, Catalonia is among the leading countries in Europe in terms of tolerance towards refugees, homosexuals and bisexuals and, to a lesser degree, transsexuals.  However, 20% say they do not feel comfortable with transsexual people.

Finally, almost 90% of the people surveyed consider that human rights are important to create a just society and that institutions must strive to guarantee them. When asked about the situation in Catalonia, 43% of the people surveyed believe that human rights are violated, while 21% consider that there are no human rights violations.

ideological and emotional polarization

The ICIP 2022 Survey also analyzes the perception of polarization in Catalan society, an indicator that remains at the same level as in previous surveys. The perception that political parties and the media are more polarized than society as a whole remains the same. Regarding the analyzed topics of debate, the pro-independence movement continues to be the issue that most polarizes Catalan citizens and polarization has increased in relation to language, which moves up from fifth place to second place compared to the 2020 data.

If we look at emotional polarization, namely, at the feelings that people perceive towards those who think differently, respect predominates over all other emotions, followed by helplessness, with rates that remain stable. Sadness and fear of people who think differently have increased somewhat and confidence has decreased.

The survey also reveals a favorable attitude towards dialogue with people who think differently: 68% of the people surveyed agree or strongly agree that an effort should be made to talk to everyone regardless of their ideas.

Percepció de riscos i amenaces

The survey also portrays a society that is aware of the values of social and global justice. A society that perceives as risks, in this order: economic crises, the deterioration of democracy, climate change, disinformation, the increase in inequality and the rise of the extreme right.  In the case of the extreme right, almost 40% of the population considers it to be a maximum risk.

In the context of the war in Ukraine, people identify Russia’s world influence and increases in military spending as risks to their own security. Half of the population believes that military budget increases pose a high or very high risk to their security, and 62% of the population believes that the Spanish government spends too much money on defense.

As a current situation analysis regarding the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the sample includes public perception on the resettlement of refugees. There is a favorable attitude towards taking in and assisting people from Ukraine and Syria. This predisposition is greater in the case of Ukrainians – 18% of the population considers that the presence in Catalonia of people from Syria increases the risk of terrorism.

Finally, the sample devotes a chapter to evaluate the predisposition of citizens to use violence. This predisposition is slight in the cases of defending one’s country or ideas (15%) or the environment (16%).  However, it is greater in the case of defending the family (64%).

Methodology used

The ICIP 2022 Survey was carried out between 17-24 October 2022. It was based on 2,047 online interviews with people over 18 years of age living in Catalonia, with a margin of error of 2.17%. It is a sample with cross-quotas of gender, age (in age groups of ten years) and provinces (Barcelona, Girona, Lleida and Tarragona).

This is the fourth survey published by ICIP on the perception of coexistence in Catalonia and the third that evaluates the degree of polarization. Previously, ICIP has published the surveys “Polarization and coexistence in Spain 2021: The role of the territories” (ICIP and EsadeEcPol), “Coexistence and polarization in Catalonia.  ICIP 2020 Survey” and “Public perception of coexistence and security in Catalonia.  ICIP 2018 Survey.”